Types of Computer

Based on uses

• Analog computer

• Digital computer
• Hybrid computer

Based on sizes

• Smartphone
• Micro computer
• Personal computer
• Laptop
• Mini Computer
• Mainframe computer
• Super computer

Programs of Computer - Part 5

Bugs of Computer

 

 

Errors found in computer programs are called "bugs". They may be benign and not affect the usefulness of the program, or have only light effects. But in some cases, they may cause the program or the entire system to "hang", becoming unresponsive to input such as mouse clicks or keystrokes, to completely fail, or to crash. Otherwise benign bugs may sometimes be harnessed for malicious intent by an unscrupulous user writing an exploit, code designed to take advantage of a bug and disrupt a computer's proper execution. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design.Admiral Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited for having first used the term "bugs" in computing after a dead moth was found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947.

Programs of Computer - Part 4

4th generation languages

4G languages are less procedural than 3G languages. The 4GL is provided ways to obtain information without requiring the direct help of a programmer. An example of a 4GL is SQL.

Program design

An example of program design

Bugs of a Program design of small programs is relatively simple and involves the analysis of the problem, collection of inputs, using the programming constructs within languages, devising or using established procedures and algorithms, providing data for output devices and solutions to the problem as applicable. As problems become larger and more complex, features such as subprograms, modules, formal documentation, and new paradigms such as object-oriented programming are encountered. Large programs involving thousands of line of code and more require formal software methodologies. The task of developing large software systems presents a significant intellectual challenge. Producing software with an acceptably high reliability within a predictable schedule and budget has historically been difficult; the academic and professional discipline of software engineering concentrates specifically on this challenge.

Programs of Computer - Part 3

Agenda of Programming language

Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for running computers. Similarly natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into machine code by a compiler or an assembler before being run, or translated directly at run time by an interpreter.

Low-level languages

Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For example, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a smartphone or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of an x86 CPU that might be in a PC.

 

 

 

 

High-level languages/third generation language

The diagram of high level language

Most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler. High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language, and more related to the language and structure of the problem(s) to be solved by the final program.

It is therefore often possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various video game consoles.

How to fix autoit error windows 7?

HI Viewers,

Greetings my blog. Here I will discuss about autoit error windows 7 . Here is the steps ..


Step 1.
press windows logo + R

Step 2.
type regedit and hit ok or enter.

Step 3.
user account control click yes.

Step 4.
press ctrl+shift+esc.

Step 5.
find process tab named autoid3.exe click end process. and autoit3wrapper.exe click end process.

Step 6.

In the registry editor dialogue box go to HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/Windows/Run . You will find the affected file called autoit or googleupdate.ink these must be delete.

Step 7.

In the registry editor dialogue box go to HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE/Software/Microsoft/Windows/Run . You will find the affected file called autoit or googleupdate.ink these must be delete.

Step 8.

Go to c: drive. You will find google and skype folder. Delete these files. If not found then find organize tab then folder and search options. then view tab select show hidden files and untick hide protected operating system files. Now you will find these google and skype folder , now delete these folder.

Step 9.
Restart the pc. and enjoy..

Thanks for wathing..

Programs of Computer - Part 2

Machine code

The majority of computers, individual instructions are stored as machine code with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or opcode for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode; the command to multiply them would have a different opcode, and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions; the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from, each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of these instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer in the same way as numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the Harvard architecture after the Harvard Mark I computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in CPU caches.

While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (machine language) and while this technique was used with many early computers, it is extremely tedious and potentially error-prone to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler.

How to fix logon process initialization has failed on windows 7?

Hi all,

Today I am going to solving the problem which is logon process initialization has failed. Here is the solutions step by step.

Step 1.

insert the booting disk.

step 2.

press any key when the screen shows press any key to boot from cd or dvd.

Step 3.

press enter to windows setup.

Step 4.

click next.

Step 5.
click repair computer

Step 6.

click windows 7 and click next

Step 7.

click system restore.

Step 8.
click next

Step 9.

Click scan for affected program

Step 10.

Chose which program is affected then next

Step 11.
Click finish

Final step.

Restart the pc.

Thanks for waiting..